Contents

Index

GRAMCORD TEMPLATE BODY

GRAMCORD allows the User to Search for up to 12 separate Grammatical Constructions at the same time. A Construction is composed of Grammatical Elements, which are defined in the Template Columns, from left to right, as they would occur in the Grammatical Construction being searched for.

The User can Copy Construct #1 to #2 automatic- ally, to provide a basis for defining Construction #2.

Normally GRAMCORD searches for Grammatical Constructions within standard grammatical units, i.e., clauses first, then sentences. Thus, default is for Minor Stops (comma, dash), which delineate clauses, to be checked. However, many of the Constructions sought by Users permit no interrupting punctuation marks. Thus, GRAMCORD can search for a Construction within either a Sentence boundary (Minor Stops unchecked) or within a Clause boundary (Minor Stops checked). With Minor Stops unchecked, GRAMCORD ignores those candidate contexts where punctuation in the form of Minor Stops occurs between the first and last elements.

In addition, because GRAMCORD approaches the text in a sentence-by-sentence manner, Constructions are ALWAYS terminated by a full stop: a period, a semicolon (for questions), or a high point (for colon).

Since Constructions possess width, the Template will automatically increment the Context field as each new Element is defined on the Template. As a result, by default, the Context will be the number of words in a Construction from first to last element inclusive (less Excluded and Interdata Elements). When Context is not manually changed by the User, a Context equal to the number of elements in the construction is assumed. (A Context LESS than the total number of elements is obviously illegal.) A Context equal to the number of elements in the construction is another way of saying that no other words may intervene between the defined elements. Thus, a two element construct with Context of 2 would mean the two words are adjacent to each other. A Context of 3 would allow either zero or one intervening word. A Context of 200 would refer to a Construction which potentially spans an entire sentence. (Bear in mind, however, that GRAMCORD normally will not scan past a Minor Stop (comma or dash) unless the Minor Stops is unchecked.)

In general, it is suggested that the Context field be enlarged beyond the number of Elements chosen. For instance, since crasis is considered a two word phenomenon under GRAMCORD, the Context would require adjustment to two words rather than one. For this and several other reasons, grammatical searches should allow for a generous Context field so as to prevent an overly restrictive definition and the attendant loss of potentially significant occurrences of the construction.

The User may Save the Construction under a unique file name, which may be retrieved (= Open) later for use.

The User may retrieve a previously Saved Construction for further editing or executing.

The User may Clear all information from the Template in order to begin defining a new Construction.

The User may Edit, view, and run the Construction as it is being defined in GRAMCORD "Script File" format, assuming the User is acquainted with the GRAMCORD "Script File" format and commands.

The User may also retrieve previously defined Constructions which follow the GRAMCORD Script File format, and execute them to see the results in Bible Companion. However, the retrieved Script file may be Viewed and Edited in the Script Window only; it will not be installed into the Template for viewing and editing.

Via two Pull-Down Lists, the User may set the Range of Books to be Searched. Default is Matthew to Revelation. If the User wishes to Search, for example, just the Johannine literature, 3 Constructions should be Executed simultaneously (by pressing the Copy button twice), and then changing the From...To range on each Constructions, the first being John to John, the second, 1John to 3John, and the third, Revelation to Revelation.

The User may execute a GRAMCORD Search for the Construction defined in the Template.

The User may access certain Advanced features which are not easily displayable on the GRAMCORD Template. This function is not currently implemented.

The User may Cancel the GRAMCORD Search operation and safely return to the Bible Companion Window.

The Class Type Pull Down List presents the Greek Parts of Speech to choose from for the Element being defined in the column in the Construction.

The Pull Down List also presents the options to define an EXCLUDEd Item or INTERDATA Item.

When Exclude is chosen from the Class Type list, the whole column turns Red to visually indicate that the item is to be Excluded, and awaits the User to choose the Part of Speech to be Excluded.

Exclude allows the User to specify items which may not either Precede, Intervene, nor Follow the Elements in the Construction being defined. These items are not Elements of the Construction, but rather are Parts of Speech which the User is prohibiting from occurring at certain points in the Construction. Moreover, since these items are not Elements in the Construction they are not included within the Context field of the Construction.

Thus a User could search for Anarthrous Substantive Constructions, by Excluding a Article before a Noun, Substantival Adjective, Substantival Participle, etc.

When Interdata is chosen from the Class Type list, the whole column turns Green and awaits the User to choose the Part of Speech to be included as an Interdata item.

Interdata (i.e., INTERvening DATA) specifies that if a word or words occurs between the designated elements (thus, Interdata is never used before the first or after the last Element), the word(s) must possess the grammatical characteristics the user defines. This command is very useful in situations where two elements should be adjacent except when particular types of words intervene. For example, a Construction definition searching for an Article + a Noun in full grammatical agreement where the Article and Noun are adjacent OR separated only by Adjectives, Participles, and Coordinating Conjunctions. The Interdata option is used when the User knows that certain grammatical phenomena may appear within a Construction but such phenomena are not to be included among the required defined elements. In other words, if these phenomena do not NECESSARILY occur in the construction being defined, they can NOT be included as elements. Thus, the Interdata option provides constraints as to what MAY, by the User's permission, intervene or interrupt a construction. If words DO appear between elements of a construction, the Interdata option determines what grammatical characteristics (data) these words MUST possess.

The Interdata option is not affected by the Minor Stops option. Recall that this option permits Minor Stops to appear between construct elements. (The comma and dash are Minor Stops.) GRAMCORD finishes the punctuation examination before the Interdata option is executed.

When Adjective is chosen the following additional items become available to further narrow the definition for the Element: Gender, Number, Case, Degree, and Lemma.

Each of the parts of an Adjective can be defined further by the items in the pull-down list; Multiple items and Excluded items are acceptable:

Lemma Any Adjective (= <any lemma>) or Choose from Lemma List (restricted to Adjectives)

Additional Information: The so called "Substantival use" of the Adjective is generally understood as an Adjective, with an appropriate Noun to be mentally supplied. Exceptions to this pattern are classified as Nouns in GRAMCORD when the usage has become so fixed as to be almost universal (e.g., presbutero" in Luke 15:25 is classed as an Adjective; elsewhere almost always as Noun).

When Adverb is chosen the following additional items become available to further narrow the definition for the Element: Degree and Lemma

Each of the parts of an Adverb can be defined further by the items in the pull-down list; Multiples items and Excludes are acceptable:

Lemma Any Adverb (= <any lemma>) or choose from the Lemma List (restricted to Adverbs)

Additional Information: This follows traditional classifications. The category constitutes a large collection of fixed-form words which clearly are modifiers, modifying any word except a noun or pronoun. Some grammarians include as adverbs words which GRAMCORD classifies more traditionally as prepositions, particles, and conjunctions. For instance, adverbs which also function in the clause as a clause connector are classified as conjunctions (e.g., tote when it means "then, thereupon" is always tagged as a conjunction.).

When Article is chosen the following additional items become available to further narrow the definition for the Element: Gender, Number, and Case (NOTE: it is not necessary to define a Lemma for the Article since there is only one Article; consequently the Lemma field will be grayed out when Article is chosen as the Part of Speech.).

Each of the parts of an Article can be defined further by the items in the pull-down list; Multiple items and Excluded items are acceptable:

Additional Information: The so-called "Pronominal use" of the Article is identified as an Article, not a Pronoun. There is no distinct Vocative form of the Article. It will be identified as Vocative only in cases where it is in agreement with a Vocative Substantive.

When Conjunction is chosen the following additional items become available to further narrow the definition for the Element: Subclass1 and Subclass2 fields, Lemma

Each of the parts of an Conjunction can be defined further by the items in the pull-down list; Multiple items and Excluded items are acceptable:

Lemma Any Conjunction (<any lemma>) or Pick from Lemma List (restricted to Conjunctions)

CC Coordinating, Correlative: ei*te, h*, h*toi, kai mhte, ou*de, ou*te, poteron, te

CQ Coordinating, inferential: a*ra, dio, dioper, dioti, o&qen, ou*koun, ou*n, toinun, toigaroun, w&ste

SN Subordinating, Nominal [Substantival]: ei*, i&na, kaqw", mh, mhpote, o&pw", o&ti, pw", w&"

SP Subordinating, comParative: kaqa, kaqaper, kaqo, kaqoti, kaqw", kaqwsper, w&", w&sper

ST Subordinating, Temporal: a*cri, e*pan, e*peidh, e&w", h*nika, kaqw", mecri, o&tan, o&te, prin, w&"

Additional Information: Under the Conjunction classification GRAMCORD has identified words which act as connectors between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. They are divided into two basic types: the coordinating conjunctions, connecting parallel grammatical structures, whether words or phrases or clauses or sentences, and the subordinating conjunctions, connecting dependent clauses (only clauses are involved in this category).

Sometimes the decision between coordinating and subordinating is a matter of punctuation, whether the clauses are treated as two separate sentences, or as one sentence with a main and a dependent clause (e.g., gavr).

Connective phrases, where a prepositional phrase or an elliptical expression functions as a connector, are identified word by word and thus are not recognized as a functioning conjunction. (e.g., e*f o@son, "as long as").

The Conjunction and Particle categories represent the most problematic classification issues of the GRAMCORD database. The lack of standard definitions among grammarians and the importance of context present difficulties which deserve the user's careful attention. To assist the user, the GRAMCORD Template Lemma List will only present those words classified by GRAMCORD as the Part of Speech chosen by the user. Further notes concerning grammatical classifications of Particles and Conjunctions appear in the Appendices of the Users Manual. Inexperienced users should refer to the appendix' word lists for information on words which may span the Conjunction, Particle, and Adverb classifications.

When Improper Preposition is chosen the following additional items become available to further narrow the definition for the Element: Case of Object, Lemma

Each of the parts of an Improper Preposition can be defined further by the items in the pull-down list:

Lemma Any Improper Preposition (= <any lemma>) or choose from Lemma Pick List (restricted to Improper Prepositions)

Additional Information: Improper Preposition is a traditional term for adverbs which function as prepositions governing a case. They may also occur without a dependent case as regular adverbs (Accordingly, when functioning as regular adverbs, they are classified Adverb.). They do not combine with verb roots to produce compound words.

Almost always the case governed is genitive. There is only one exception in the New Testament (a@ma with dative, Matt 13:29).

When Interjection is chosen the following additional items become available to further narrow the definition for the Element: No additional fields

Additional Information: Some forms of originally Imperative Verbs or forms derived from such are listed as Interjections when they have become simple exclamations and particularly when person and number agreement are neglected. In this GRAMCORD attempts to be consistent with BAGD as much as possible. In publishing the text, editors often distinguish by accent the Imperative Verb and the Interjection. For example, i*douv versus i*dou~ (cf., BAGD).

As a temporary device conducive to processing efficiency, GRAMCORD identifies foreign phrases as Interjections to avoid the problems of morphological identification in the foreign language (e.g., w&ssana, tabiqa koum). Foreign proper nouns in transliteration, however, are fully classified under the noun class by means of context--even though they lack Greek syntactic endings. Thus, foreign words appear in either the interjection or noun classifications. (See notes on Nouns) When Interjection is chosen as the Part of Speech, the Lemma List will provide the User with a complete list of those words tagged as Interjection.

When Noun is chosen, the following additional items become available to further narrow the definition for the Element: Gender, Number, Case, Lemma

Each of the parts of an Nouns can be defined further by the items in the pull-down list:

Lemma Any Noun (= <any lemma>) or choose from the Lemma Pick List (restricted to Nouns)

Additional Information: Certain foreign words in transliteration were not declined in Greek. In such instances the case is identified either by the governing article or by the function it serves in the sentence. Only rarely is there any ambiguity regarding the identification of a foreign word. As a result, foreign proper nouns are almost always classified as Nouns by GRAMCORD. On the other hand, other types of foreign words and proper nouns appearing in a transliterated phrase (e.g., Eli Eli lema sabacqani) are tagged as Interjections. (See notes on INTERJECTIONS.)

Certain Adjectives are often used substantivally; the user should not presume that GRAMCORD classifies them as nouns. (See notes on Adjectives.) If GRAMCORD classifies an Adjective as a Noun, it will appear on the Lemma List when Noun has been chosen as the Part of Speech.

When Particle is chosen the following additional items become available to further narrow the definition for the Element: Class, Lemma

Each of the parts of an Particle can be defined further by the items in the pull-down list; Multiple items and Excluded items are acceptable:

When Preposition is chosen the following additional items become available to further narrow the definition for the Element: Case of Object, Lemma

Each of the parts of an Preposition can be defined further by the items in the pull-down list; Multiple items and Excluded items are acceptable:

Lemma Any Preposition (= <any lemma>) or choose from Lemma Pick List (restricted to Prepositions)

Additional Information: The Preposition category is restricted to the traditional "Proper Prepositions"; it does not include the Adverbs and Adjectives which function as Prepositions governing a Case. For the latter, the User should consult the "Improper Preposition" category.

When Pronoun is chosen the following additional items become available to further narrow the definition for the Element: Subclass1, Subclass2, Gender, Number, Case, Lemma

Each of the parts of an Pronoun can be defined further by the items in the pull-down list:

Lemma Any Pronoun (= <any lemma>) or choose from the Lemma Pick List (restricted to Pronouns)

Additional Information: Classification terms within the Pronoun category are used according to their normal and traditional meanings, but combined in ways designed to give additional functional coding.

Frequently the Demonstrative, Interrogative, Indefinite, and Intensive Pronouns function as Adjectives, modifying a Noun actually present. These have been identified by the additional Adjective code assigned, i.e., Adjectival Demonstrative. To find all Demonstrative Pronouns the User should select both "Adjectival Demonstrative" and "Demonstrative."

Personal, Reflexive, and Possessive Pronouns are classified so as to show the person involved. Of course, the Possessive "Pronouns" are properly Adjectives rather than Pronouns, but they are traditionally classified as Pronouns. The GRAMCORD database adheres to this convention. The GRAMCORD database always stores the Possessive Pronouns as Pronouns, not Adjectives.

The Reflexive Plural Pronoun e&autw~n in New Testament, as in all Hellenistic Greek, functions for all three persons. It is identified as to Person from the context.

Editors disagree whether au&tou~ should be classed as the Reflexive e&autou~ contracted to au&tou~ or as a simple Personal au*tou~, which in Hellenistic Greek apparently functioned as a Reflexive. Where the context clearly demands a Reflexive sense, GRAMCORD identifies it as such.

When Verb is chosen the following additional items become available to further narrow the definition for the Element: Person, Number, Tense, Voice, Mood, Participial Gender, Participial Number, Participial Case, Lemma

Each of the parts of a Verb can be defined further by the items in the pull-down list (the capital letter in each of the following represents the GRAMCORD code as displayed in the Script file):

Lemma Any Verb (= <any lemma>) or choose from the Lemma Pick List (restricted to Verbs)

Additional Information: Lemma forms (the lexical listing forms) of verbs are given, with very few exceptions, after the pattern of the BAGD lexicon. Deponent verbs are indicated by the middle or passive first person ending - [o]mai. Certain second Aorist verbs are listed by their distinctive second Aorist roots, such as ei*don, ei*pon; others are not, as e#rcomai, h#lqon.

In conformity to the morphological orientation of GRAMCORD, deponent verbs are classified in the database by their form, not their meaning. Thus, bouvlomai would never be concorded as an active voice verb.

Six tenses are used in the concording process. There is no New Testament occurrence of an inflected future perfect, only a couple of possible periphrastic forms of that tense.

The GRAMCORD database does not distinguish between first and second Aorists, futures, and perfects. Differentiation possesses semantic significance in only a very few instances.

Proximity (refered to in GRAMCORD as Subcontextfield) is used to set the distance between Elements in the Construction. The "Spin Buttons" located below and between each of the Elements can be incremented and decremented to define the allowable (but not the necessary) distance between the Elements it straddles. Thus, in addition to adjusting the Context (Contextfield) for the whole Construction, the User may adjust the distance between each Element in the Construction. Proximity between Elements works in conjunction with the Context field specified for the whole Construction, so that when Proximity is incremented, Context is automatically incremented (NOTE: Context is not automatically decremented when Proximity is decremented.).

Default for Proximity between Elements is <any>. This means that GRAMCORD will search for the Elements within the limits set by the Context field. For example, if a Construction contains 5 Elements, the Context field will automatically be set to 5, and with the Proximities set to <any>, GRAMCORD will search for the Construction with no space between each of the Elements. However, if Context is set to 6, with Proximity left at <any>, GRAMCORD will allow for up to one word to occur between each of the Elements up to the Context field total of 6 for the whole Construction. This is another reason why the User should leave a generous Context for the whole Construction, since GRAMCORD uses the total Context field as it performs the <any> Proximity check.

GRAMCORD allows the User to establish Agreement between any of the Elements defined in the Construction. Agreement is chosen from the Pull-Up List on the Left (multiple Agrees are okay), and the Elements for which the Agreement is to be valid are indicated by clicking the check box below each of the Elements desired.

GRAMCORD allows Agreement on any field (i.e., Tense, Voice, Mood, Person, Number, Gender, Case, Class, SubClass, Degree, Lemma, Same Word Form), as long as the Elements for which Agreement is established have those characteristics in common. For example, Agreement can be set for Gender, Number, and Case between an Article and a Participle, in order to find Substantival Participles.

When the User selects Lemma, (i.e., the Lexical Listing form) a new Window is opened which presents a list of the Lemmas to choose from. The Lemmas presented will be restricted to those which actually correspond to the Class Type (Part of Speech) chosen. Thus the User cannot pick a Lemma which cannot be found under the Class Type designation. After the Lemma(s) have been chosen the main Template screen will reflect the number of Lemmas the User has selected for the Element.

Lemma means the form in which the word occurs in the Lexicon (BAGD is GRAMCORDs standard for Lemma classification). In general, the Lemma corresponds to what most people think of as the basic or Lexical listing form of the word, sometimes mistakenly called the "root." For example, i*dou~ is listed in the Lexicon under the Lemma i*dou~, not under the Verb form it ultimately derives from, namely ei^don. In addition, ei^don is listed by itself, not with o&ravw.

NOTE: There is no way to search for roots from the GRAMCORD Template (e.g., all the words which have dik- as their root, i.e., dikaiovw, divkh, dikaivwma, dikaiosuvnh, etc.). For root searches, the User should search the GRAMCORD Parsed Greek New Testament from the Bible Companion window, using appropriate wildcards (e.g., dik*, which will find all the lemmas which contain that root in the Lemma field of that text.). In the near future The Semantic Domain Lexicon by Louw and Nida will be installed and will further facilitate such searches.